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Operator skills - Conclusion

The end of operator skills left us only Markov on4ww conclusion.

This boy began as a "little" ham. In the beginning was very happy when he made at least one relationship with a great DX expedition. His first 300 + entities, made with little power. There is no secret, just a great desire for the new entity. To be able to leaf through the many "DX magazines. He listened to conversations of experienced DX-era at 2 m, to hear what they are doing with their superior antennas. It was neprospavanih nights, countless hours of calling for a single QSO, many unsuccessful attempts to re-call and the next day. Sometimes he took a free day to be able to do a new country. This boy is still "little" ham. When you visit DXers from the eastern part of the country, remain puzzled: "Is that all you got? Are you the only time all radio and DX-eve? "If you wish to work DX-eve large, to find the ways to make it more efficient and better radio station. For success are needed big money and expensive equipment. The key to success is good operatorska practice. Often wish to go to those "DX Cluster zanovijetalima and show them how to make that difficult DX, not to spend time complaining and expressing personal frustration on the DX cluster. "Live life and work DX's." Good luck in the work of the "new entity" on all bands. I hope these tips are just a little help in improving your operator skills. If you do not break through the "pileup" I can always call for help. I'm not asking much, just a good beer for each new entity odradim with your station ... In the end, remember, no one is sinless. I am sure will receive one day "catch" by the error. Just smile, "Do not shoot the klaviristu, and try to be better than him. I wish you much success and satisfaction on the bands. I thank everyone who participated in this project. For the Croatian translation, thanks Martin 9a2jk. Thank you, Martine! 73 - Mark - ON4WW

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All the rest of operator skills

In the last chapter of operator skills on4ww Mark brings us other useful information about how to operate amateur radio waves.

Spraying on the CW (keyclick) can be very annoying for other hams. If your device "syringe" fix it or give to others that you improve. All will be very grateful. The same applies to SSB. Premodulirani signals did not call for the assembly of friendship. Make sure that your signal is clean. Q code and number code (73/88) were invented for telegraphy. In fact, these shortcuts do not belong to the telephony (SSB / AM / FM). Why telephony to say "73" when the ability to say "Many greetings / Best regards?". Try to achieve a reasonable balance in these matters. SSB connection does not end the maximum number of Q code abbreviations and numbers. Say 73 (a lot of greeting) in the plural to the SSB is not correct and it sounds a little excessive. Have you ever tried "73's" on the CW?
If the speed CW DX stations you want to work for you too, help you (eg your computer) so that you understand. Otherwise, much time will be lost on your QSO. Now you do not respond, because you can not receive. Do not forget, many others are waiting for QSO with DX-om.
Only with a lot of practice you'll be able to receive fast CW station without difficulty and without a computer. "QSO NOT LOG IN": If you often return QSL cards with this message, it means it's time to fix your operator skill. The first requirement is to LISTEN. If you can not hear the station, then why call? Read and re-read this document, try to behave according to the instructions given and you will be successful operator. I can bet with you that the message "NOT IN QSO LOG" become very rare.
When you mention the QSL cards, there is a saying: "QSO QSL sent within the map." Many want your paper QSL card in your collection. Some do not. I personally take it as a matter of personal dignity and answer all received QSL cards via bureau or direct. This includes response to the SWL QSL cards (reception) amateur. We in Belgium have luck, because the use of offices included in annual dues to our association (UBA). For us it is extremely cheap to use bureau for the exchange of tickets worldwide. However, not everywhere, and happiness. In some countries the use of offices not so cheap. Before sending QSL cards to inform you that in this country there QSL bureau (such as web page IARU), and how it works. If there is no office, consider sending direct with SAE (for reply envelope with your address) and a sufficient number of coupons IRC (international reply coupons). Another way to verify the connection is ARRL's Łotwa (Logbook of The World). However, there is nothing better than old-fashioned pile of QSL cards in shoe boxes!
Some DX stations QSL managers who have them perform the job of sending QSL cards, because they do QSO rather than spend time writing QSL cards. There are several websites where you can find QSL information. I mention only one (QRZ.com), which is often mentioned in a QSO. Note radioamaterskim national federations. Maybe some do not know, but during the Second World War, all radioamaterske licenses were revoked and operation of amateur radio was banned. What do you think who persuaded state governments after the war re-working amateur radio license? Of course, national associations of Amateur Radio (IARU members-a). These non-profit organizations are the only bodies that have the power to negotiate with the governments of individual states, which give you the privilege to work amateur radio. It is very important that your national Amateur Radio Association is strong, and can only be strong if you are a member. Together we are stronger. Are you a member of the League of Amateur Radio? If not, consider membership. For those who live in countries that have cheaper QSL bureau, maybe it's time to stand up and ask your league, why is it possible in Belgium, but not with you? Maybe even volunteer to provide service to your alliance? Never forget, your league is the only option in negotiations with state institutions. Alliances are important. On the Internet there are many resources on the DX information. Here are a few interesting: 425 DX News Letter, ARRL Propagation Bulletins, Ohio Penn DX Bulletin, etc.
Familiarize yourself with the IARU band plan and the allowed frequencies for amateur radio stations in your country. Print band plan on paper and hang on the wall. IZ9xxxx and Pipo is, for obvious reasons, changed call sign and name of the Sicilian amateur.

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Recommendations for dx becomes dx expedition

In the penultimate chapter of operator skills on4ww Mark brings us really useful information about how to work and be careful if you ever decide to print a single amateur radio expedition.

Are you looking forward to combine the trip with the family and radioamaterska activity with the trip? Or are "completely prolupali" (by the standards of your XYL) and prefer to spend money on DX expedition? If the answer is yes, you'll probably go to some rare DXCC entity. What is wanted DXCC entity, you have a better chance to deal with the situations mentioned in earlier chapters: "DX police, no one listens to your instructions, etc. It is very important that you manage the situation and keep it under control.

• If you go on holiday to Spain or France, you will not have a "pileup"
• If you go to the Balearic Islands, Crete and Cyprus, the caller's number will be slightly higher
• If you take a job in Iran and you are lucky to get permission to work, grab the air and start to sweat,
• If you manage to activate the Scarborough Reef, "pileup" will be terrible ... "Fasten seat belts!

How to control the "pileup"? Although it is not an easy task, it is completely possible. Here are some recommendations:

• Give your callsign after each QSO's. If you have a really long callsign SV9/ON4ZZZZ/P example, let's at least after every three QSO's,
• if you are working simplex, and note that you can not receive all call signs, or those who
  you do not meet immediately call on your call, go in SPLIT mode,
• before you move to the SPLIT, make sure the frequency you want to listen to free,
• SPLIT when you do, post it after each QSO, together with the frequency at which listening. For example, on the CW: UP 1, UP 1-2, UP 5th On SSB: listening 5 up, listening 5 to 10 (kHz) up.
• CW SPLIT listen to at least 1 kHz UP (or DOWN). It is better to 3 kHz to avoid possible "spraying" on your TX frequency,
• SSB SPLIT listen to at least 5 kHz up or down from your TX frequency. Surprising is how wide can be a SSB signals. If you SPLIT only 2 or 3 kHz, these signals can "squirt" on your TX frequency,
• let your SPLIT window is narrower as possible, do not occupy space on the volume only for themselves,
• if SSB unable to receive only part of the call signs (often the case in the great "pileupu"), give a report such as "Yenkee Oscar 59"
• on CW, do not call partial callsign with the question. For some incomprehensible reason, the most undisciplined of the caller, the questionnaire understood as an invitation to call again, although part of the call signs that you did not invite their like. For example 3TA call 599, do not? 3TA 599,
• on CW and SSB (and digital modes), if you gave a report from the incomplete station callsign, repeat the entire callsign so that the operator knows that you have typed it in the diary, and not someone else. Some inexperienced DX stations work as in the example: TA 59th OH3TA matches, repeat your callsign twice and give a report. DX is back and says, QSL, tnx, QRZ? OH3TA course I do not know whether it was him or someone else, "TA". DX should verify the connection from OH3TA, tnx, QRZ?
• when one gave a report station whose callsign you are not completely received, do not give up until we receive full callsign. "Pileup" can sometimes be very undisciplined. If you give them to know that you will not give up until you have done to begin QSO finally will understand and stop the call. If you give up, because of the constant calling of others, chaos will reign,
• If the "pileup" too undisciplined, stop working, change the frequency or scope,
• Always be calm and not cry to "pileup"
• Do not do that call the station with only the last two letters of their call signs. Say clearly that you only hear the entire callsign,
• SPLIT in the work, when you notice that the station does not answer your call, listen to your TX frequency. Maybe someone interferes (eg "DX police")
• CW typing speed on the higher bands should not be greater than 40 wpm, and the lower bands (160 to 40 m) maximum speed, depending on propagacijskim conditions should be higher 20 to 30 wpm,
• always tell "pileup" of his moves. If you go to QRT, tell. If you stop for 5 minutes, say 5 QRX (QRX 5 minutes, standby). If you're going to QSY to another type of emission or another frequency, say. It is very uncomfortable, if the "pileup" does not know your next move. Finally, they want you to do and to be informed about your activities.

If the "pileup" becomes too large, you can begin to work with only the continent, region, or by numbers. Work only the continent or region, meaning that you want calls from certain continents (eg Europe) or regions (eg Northern Europe, the U.S. west coast), and DXers from other areas to wait. Work in numbers means that you are calling DX-era by numbers in their call signs (0 to 9). These methods are not very recommended. Large groups of DX-era nervously await their turn. There is no guarantee that you will call their number, or continent, you can stop working at any time. Therefore, becoming agitated, nervous and can quickly turn into "an abomination DX officers. If you method number, 90% "pileupa" idle waiting. However, this method helps less experienced operators to cope with a large "pileupom. The only real advantage of the continent / region is giving the opportunity of the world with lower propagacijskim conditions.
A few things to keep in mind when working on the continent / region:

• Use this method for those parts of the world where you have less propagacijske conditions
• when using this technique due to excessive "pilupa, often change continents,
• notify the other continents / regions of your plan: for example, if you do I only 10 minutes, then the EU and NA?
• when the "pileup" reduce, return to normal activities and work all parts of the world simultaneously.

A few things to keep in mind when doing the numbers:

• when working by numbers, start from 0 and have completed all the way to number 9 (or vice versa). Do not break in half. Giving up the numbers, methods, and have not finished the whole series, you will not gain sympathy "pileupa.
• when working by numbers, go to the right. Do not skip numbers, such as 0-5-2-3-8-4 ...
• always doing the same number of DX-era by the number, but never more than 10 with the same number,
• tell "pileup" how many stations plan to do for each number, and repeat this information every time you go to the second issue,
• Do not forget, 90% "pileupa" sitting idle, and "DX officers shall transmit to your frequency. Avoid working the numbers, if possible. Besides working on the continent, region or issue, some operators are trying to do in the states. This should be avoided. Again, avoid it, because you will attract "DX officers" of nations that are waiting. Certainly you can call all countries, then why try this silly technique?

A final note: The most important thing in working with "pileupom is maintaining the same RITMA work all the time. If this succeed, it will be you and pilupu "much easier and more enjoyable. However, the most important of all is: Enjoy!

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DX Cluster

Today 16th Chapter Mark on4ww has devoted himself says that the controversial topic of the DX cluster.

This is a very controversial issue. Most are very happy to help with the DX cluster, the other did not like. On the DX Cluster is extremely inaccurate many spots. When you log on DX, rather than hit the ENTER key, verify all information and correct errors. DX cluster functions as "ANNOUNCE". Many of the "treasure abuse" this function to express it through their frustrations, and lamented QSL information search. Here are a few announcements on the DX cluster 3Y0X during the expedition (and also in many other occasions):
- Calling for three hours, without success
- Listen to 5 hours or trace. Poor expedition!
- Poor operators do not have a clue about propagacijama
- Why not work SPLIT
- Please RTTY
- BINGOOOOO
- New country!
- My no. 276!
- PLEASE Europe
- And so on ...
This makes no sense. The value of such revelations is zero. DX Cluster is a tool for publishing work DX stations. Feedback should be used only for information about SPLIT frequency, QSL managers and similar additional information. Need QSL information? Use the command "SH / QSL Callsign. If your DX Cluster QSL database does not, try the command "SH / DX 25 Callsign" and the cluster will show the last 25 spots. Chances are that in at least one field comments be QSL information. Even better the command is "SH / DX Callsign QSL INFO. It will show the last 10 spots with QSL information in the comments field. If the DX Cluster can not find the QSL info, try from one of the QSL manager services on the Internet. Do not carry your frustrations on others. I would rather spend more time improving your radio station and operator skills. Spots with comments "made on the first call," or "I worked with 5 W" talk about the DX-er who worked for the link, but no signal on the DX station. Rude is "spotati" himself and transferred via private messages DX cluster. Announcement video for PIRATSKU become? PIRATES do not deserve our attention, do not run the DX cluster. What do you think will happen when the DX cluster publish work stations such as our friend Pipo? Exactly, so do not publish his work. Conclusion: publish only accurate and precise information. Do not harass others your personal frustrations. Nobody cares about the state of your ego, but all will look useful information such as SPLIT frequencies and QSL information. Use the DX cluster functions properly. If you do not know, get familiar with them. Help on how to use DX Cluster easiest to get if the DX cluster key-command "HELP". Note: your spot read the entire DX cluster communities. Very easy to get on the bad voice.

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How to call the station in competition

Fifteenth chapter on4ww Mark has devoted a very useful subject to the call to become the maintenance of competition.

Before calling the station in the competition, well-read the contest rules. Some events simply can not establish connection with all participants of the competition. I became embarrassed to call now I can work with you, because it does not allow the rules of the competition. In such situations, not even a competitive computer program does not allow writing of such links. Here are some recommendations:

• Station in the competition wants to do as many others, as soon as possible. This means a very short relationship.
• In competitions, Make calls only once.
• If the other stations well received your callsign, give only a report which is required in the competition - do not repeat your callsign.
• If the station has responded to someone else, BE SILENT!

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QRZ abbreviations and use questionnaires

Today we continue with chapters of operator skills. In this, the fourteenth chapter, Mark on4ww tells us about the proper use of QRZ shortcuts.

Some operators in the DX stations and DX expeditions have frequent habit of giving call signs. This will cause problems. DXers, especially those who do not use the DX cluster, to hear the station, but not its callsign. After a while wondering, the CW "QRZ" or "?" CALL ", or the SSB" QRZ "or" What's your / his call? ". It's quite embarrassing, because that is DX SPLIT can not hear. "Pileup" becomes a call on another frequency and bother them when someone asks "QRZ" or "CALL". The consequence: the appearance "of police officers and chaos. If you want to avoid chaos, obey the main rule of DX: LISTEN. Do not ask "QRZ", "?", Etc. It will help identify signs calling station you are listening. In addition, QRZ is used in this case incorrectly. QRZ means: Who is calling me?

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Two-letter call signs and dx Network

In the 13th Chapter Mark on4ww about dx networks and two-letter callsign.

As I pointed out in the 3rd chapter (Proper use of call signs), should give full callsign, always and in all types of shows. In many networks, DX (DX net), which we hear the most at 15, 20 and 40 m, the control station (net control) collects a list of stations that want to work DX that is currently present. To make this, the operator on the control channel search only the last two letters of your call signs. This is not incorrect, but also protupropisno. Unfortunately many have accepted this method of calling outside the network. It slows the rhythm of the DX station. I have often heard when I was "on the other side" that gives the station three times only the last two letters of their call signs. DX station, he comes very strongly and gave the entire callsign only once, QSO would have been finished long ago. Thus should be three or four times longer to complete QSO. On the CW this phenomenon is heard much less often, and almost never on RTTY. Najnevjerojatniji example that I've ever heard: I called the station on the CW: "XYK XYK. He was very strong and I had to do to be able to hear much weaker signals, so I replied: "XYK 599. Callsign that follows is fictional. He replied: "Z88ZXY Z88ZXY 599 K". Nice OM first called me with the last two letters of their call signs and the letter K (which means in telegrafiji ago). The letter K is zalijepilo for the last two letters of their call signs, and sounded as if they were three letters of his call signs. I call it, literally and figuratively, "the loss of space and time. And finally remark on the DX network. Illustration itself says it all. The control station helps to establish a connection. Try to make contact themselves, without intermediaries. This provides much greater satisfaction.

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Police on the radio waves

Today's Mark on4ww issue cycle Operator skill is dedicated to "police" on amateur radio waves.

From radioamaterske community itself is expected to maintain order in their ranks. As long as no illegal activities, there is no reason for government intervention. That does not mean that radioamaterska service should have its own police. Self-discipline, yes. Let us go back to our friend Pipu from Sicily. That I am only two seconds too late to respond to his inquiry "whether the frequency of the free?" I'm sure it would be one of samonametnutih "DX police" attacked the very ugly words (like IDIOT, LID, and much, much worse). As you might expect from a person Pipovog character, then he would remain at 14,195 kHz. Not only should it anyone else the next few hours, but would work K7C been disabled. Much valuable time and neuspostavljenih QSO's would be lost, thanks to "helpful policemen.

• Most of the "police" has good intentions and does not use ugly words. Are always polite and often fail in attempts to free frequency.
• Some "police" also have good intentions, but the ugly words and behavior fail to release the frequency. Instead, they create chaos.
• The third category of "officers" are those ugly words, they want to create chaos. Neprimjerno their behavior attracts comments, "fellow police officers," which in turn results in totalnim chaos. Common to these three categories of "police" is that while playing "cops" they are actually pirates, because they emit no identification, ie do not give your callsign.

In these cases the encounter with the "cops"?

• "Cops" is most often appear on the frequency of rare DX stations and DX expedition.
• Happens to the DX-er inadvertently forget press SPLIT on your device and call frequency of the DX station. Then appears "policeman" and starts to cry. Civilized, "police officer" can point out "the offender" so to say that broadcasts "UP" or "DOWN". He will try to help, not punish. In these situations, there are many ways that are neither neutral nor polite. I do not want to quote them because they do not want to show that things are not working.

How to help "prekršitelju" in a neutral way?
Before becoming a "police officer":

• well consider whether the intervention will help YOUR solution to the situation arising,
• javljajte if not already another "policeman" in action
• if you still think you need to intervene, give at least two or three letters "prekršiteljeve" call signs and then briefly UP or DOWN.

All other "offender" probably will not understand and will not correct his mistake, and the result was chaos on the frequency.
CW example: ON4WW mistakenly call the DX station frequency. Warn him short with: "WW UP. If you type only UP, ON4WW probably will not understand that it was for him and will continue to call on the DX frequency. It will even wake up other officers "who would type UP UP and frequency chaos. So, always give a few letters "prekršiteljeve" call signs and then UP (or DWN). So he will understand that the message for him and not someone else. It is not necessary to give his full callsign, because it takes a long time and could cover part of the call DX stations. Of course, you will warn the offender at the time when the DX transmitter that is not listening when the DX station with which the connection. It would be best if no one draws "would be a cop, but it is utopia. Efficient call prekršitelju can quickly establish order. Warning ugly words only creates additional problems. One good "police officer" could be a boon, two good "policemen" are too. The same principle applies to SSB and RTTY. I'd call signs of the "offender" (or sometimes all of these types of shows), short the correct instructions (UP / DOWN) and DX frequencies will be clean in no time. DX-er as you will soon realize that getting more if you do not respond as a "policeman". Try to turn something negative into a positive. LISTEN (that magic word again) the noise DX stations and in many cases you will succeed to enter in your log a rare DX station. And do not forget, strictly speaking, "the police" always illegal broadcast, unless it plays its callsign

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Conflicts

Mark on4ww us in the 11th Chapter Operator skills about conflict situations and how to behave when it comes to that.

Do not forget that the same ground, air, sharing with hundreds of thousands of people who have the same hobby as me. Conflicts are inevitable. Let us close our eyes to this fact, a little advice would not hurt anyone. As I said in the 4th Chapter: ALWAYS BE ULJUDNI. The only way you can overcome the conflict situations in a long time. Take as an example of a very rare and very extreme case IZ9xxxx from Sicily. OM has the unpleasant habit of Pipo call CQ on 14,195 kHz, which is de facto DX DX frequencies used by the expedition and rare DX station. Many DX-era from around the world, this behavior offensive. Whenever Pipo appears, 14195 kHz is converted to a general mess, because the DX community does not accept its monopoly and frequency. If you objectively analyze this case, we note the following:

• Before calling CQ, Pipo asks whether the frequency of the free and make QSY if the frequency
  occupied,
• Pipo frequency that is used by law is entitled to use whenever wanted (read more)
• 14,195 kHz is the de facto DX window, 14190-14200 kHz. This segment is the frequency, of 01.01.2006. IARU Region 1 set for DX expeditions, and from that date Pipo should change the frequency, • Whenever Pipo legally worked on 14,195 kHz (before 01.01.2006.) Disrupted by a number of stations that are never identified with his callsign and which are, in fact,
  worked illegally (pirates). I noticed this situation in mid-2003rd year and I was often witness to many of deliberately interfering with Pipa. None of these stations did not comply with the rules that gives them their licenses. When their national authorities were in front of their doors and listen to their illegal transmission, they would lose the license. But not Pipo who always worked in accordance with the rules of his license! Supposedly objective observer could say that Pipo asocijalni amateur who intentionally spoils the pleasure of many, but his actions are always within the limits of his license. What is a good approach to these individuals?
• Certainly not intentionally interfere with his work (and I am so cross border Law). Time it just gives a feeling of power, a sense of power required even more ... and he will try to further irritate you and others.
• Leave him alone and turn the VFO to another frequency.
• Contact him on normal mode and try to find the cause of his behavior.

12th August 2003. Pipo was again tested my nerves. I called him in the normal way and our QSO lasted about 20 minutes at 14,195 kHz. During the relationship I realized that Pipo just not enjoying the fact that it constantly interfere tenth "unknown" amateur. He was appalled death threats (!) That his daughter received a phone call. During this quiet QSO's, we exchanged arguments for and against Pipovog continuing work on 14,195 kHz. We finished QSO without consent, but the next few weeks IZ9xxxx not heard of the band. Of course, after a month Pipo again began using 14,195 kHz, perhaps because it is one chased the other frequencies? Case 2005th when the K7C expedition worked on 14,195 kHz, heard only Pipa to ask: "Is the frequency of the free?". Speed only agreed: "Yes Pipo, by K7C, tnx QSY, 73 from ON4WW. Pipo is now gone below 5 kHz and called CQ. The case is resolved.
Radioamaterskim In my early days, I encountered the unpleasant incident at 21,300 kHz. Dishonest and obnoxious ON6 operator maintained the local QSO at high frequency DX expedition. I fell into a link, introduced with his callsign and politely asked to QSY. I was zasut ugly words that are not for publication. Later I noticed that he and his friends ON4, often disturbed the VHF repeater. Perhaps their mentality was neodgojeni basis to disturb others, or they may acquire this behavior because of what they were unjustly second (illegal!) Interfering? Here's another example nepriličnog incident that occurred in Belgium between the older amateur radio and two starters. Two ON3 stations (beginner) maintained the link to the VHF repeater. One of them remarked that they can be heard directly on the entry frequency repeaters. At that moment ON4 (older ham) they were "ordered" a very arrogant manner, to leave the transmitter, because he wants someone to call. This is not working. As I said before, always be polite. ON4 operator they could kindly tell you that would like to use the repeater and explain to them that primarily serves as a repeater relay stations for mobile and portable stations. It is very annoying to listen to this kind of behavior experienced by amateur radio beginners. Do not expect us to always help the beginners, so as soon as they become experienced hams? Are these true events? Is it even important? The lesson is: be polite. This leads me to the next topic, which also could drop off in "conflict situations".

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DX Window

Let's go further, in the tenth chapter of Mark on4ww about the so-called. dx window.

State administration, which provides frequency bands can be used by hams in each country, but most do not prescribe the type of program and used in a particular part of the range. This helps the division made by IARU. Frequency division in the IARU Region 1 recommended two segments of the frequency range of 80 meters which should give priority to relationships DX: 3500 to 3510 kHz and 3775 to 3800 kHz. At 20 m range, the window for the DX expedition was 14195 + / 5 kHz. In addition to these recommended, we have a "de facto" DX frequencies where they can find a DX expedition and rare DX station. Be aware of these frequencies, known as the DX window, and obey them. In the past, when I was active in central Africa with a small force, I am happy that more amateurs with a new and rare earth. That's why I always sought a place in the CQ DX window. I knew that many DXers constantly listening to the windows in the hope that it will appear rare DX. My disappointment was great when I noticed that these windows full of "ordinary" European and American amateur who held "local" connection. Many think that the DX windows for them, "ordinary" becomes, for the CQ DX call. I disagree with such a view and I think that the DX windows of heaven for the weak DX stations that want to be "observed". It would be better to not become a regular call CQ in these windows and use them only looking at this rare DX. The current "de facto" DX DX windows and frequencies that are worth listening to, and where the ordinary becomes should not call CQ, are:

• SSB: 28490-28500, 24,945, 21290-21300, 18,145, 7045, 3790-3800, 1845 kHz
• CW: usually the first 5 kHz on each band plus: 28020-28025, 21020-21025, 18,075, 14020-14025, 10103-10105, 3500-3510, 1830-1835 kHz
• RTTY: + / - 28,080, 21,080, 14,080 kHz

Needless to say, the DX station and the expedition can occur at other frequencies outside the de facto DX window.

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Tail ending

After a long long time to continue the story of operatorskoj skills. Ninth chapter of Mark on4ww has devoted so. tail ending.

Twenty years ago appeared a new method of breaking "pileupa called" tail ending. From the very beginning was, and still is, controversial. What is the "tail ending" (literally eng. Continued on the tail)? With the advent of amateur radio stations with two VFO-A (initially one was outside, and later models have two built-in VFO device), SPLIT mode has become very popular for working with DX and DX-evima expeditions. In order to break through the "pileup" caller DX station on his second-in VFO, who listens to the DX name. When careful listening to hear that the QSO "OK" (call signs and report the exact exchanged), the caller, "stops at the tail", ie the call through the end of the connection that is in progress. If you hear the DX, the connection can be completed as soon as you call it. Some think that this can save time and make more connections. But time proved that the operator knows enough to do this method in a correct manner. Many begin to call too early, and QSO is in progress, must be due to their premature call again. Today's lack of discipline on the bands, many operators believe that it is necessary to call over the QSO is in progress. If, yet, to hear the DX call the next station without asking, "QRZ?" Or the like, creates a complete chaos on the frequency. Question: "Tail ending" yes or no? The present consensus is: NO!

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Pileups - RTTY split pileup

In the sixth and last part of chapter Pileups, Mark on4ww tells us about digital modes in split mode during a pileup.

• All told the SSB SPLIT mode is valid for digital modes.
• Kod pozivanja, dajte svoju pozivnu oznaku dva puta (2x) i slušajte. Ubrzo ćete primijetiti da, ako dajete svoju pozivnu oznaku tri puta, DX već radi sa nekim drugim. Ako imate sreće, DX će ponoviti pozivnu oznaku na kraju svoje relacije. Sa drugim VFO-om potražite s kim DX radi. Vrlo često nećete biti te sreće i zato je važno čuti DX-a od početka njegovog emitiranja. Obično je dovoljno dati svoju pozivnu oznaku dva puta.

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Pileups – CW split pileup

U petom dijelu poglavlja Pileups , Mark on4ww nam govori o radu telegrafijom u split modu za vrijeme pileup-a.

• Most said the SSB SPLIT true for CW SPLIT.
• Initially, adjust the speed of transmission speed of DX-a. Listen to the speed with which the broadcast station for DX. When you find the speed telegraphy DX "most like" Make calls at that speed.
• Give your callsign once and LISTEN. Giving their call signs twice the CW is usually pointless.
• If you choose to call twice, go to QSK mode (CW full break-in). This mode when you can hear DX start transmit ie respond to your or someone's second call. As soon as you hear the DX, a transmission end and the second VFO in your device to find anyone to DX.

The following below is about digital modes in split mode during a pileup.

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Pileups – SSB split pileup

The fourth part of the chapter Pileups brings us something about the work split ssb mode during a pileup.

Opaaa, DX is in SPLIT mode, what a relief. Really relieved, because the speed of maintenance QSO significantly higher than in SIMPLEX-in. How to quickly find the daily DX which is SPLIT?

• LISTEN, LISTEN, LISTEN ...
• Most of what applies to SIMPLEX, applies to SPLIT mode.
• Make sure your device is set to SPLIT mode.
• LISTEN few minutes before the first call. Chances are much greater connection, if you call at the right time, at the right frequency. DX work is not sport (more, more, more quickly). Try to break through the "pileup" well-balanced with just one call (the right moment and place, ie the frequency).

After a few minutes listening to:
1st You will be familiar with the rhythm of the DX-A,
2nd you will discover the breadth of areas that SPLIT DX listening (eg, 5 to 10 kHz higher or lower than the working
DX-frequency a). DX will post listening area (although all DX's not advertised often enough) or you discover it yourself,
3rd you will understand that you do have a real chance to break through the "pileup" (eg you are from Europe, and DX propagation due to the Japanese only)
4th you will discover how through the DX SPLIT window.
In other words, if DX is going from the beginning to the end of the SPLIT window and when it comes to the end that it starts again from the beginning or returning to the start of the peak SPLIT window down?
5th You will notice that step through the DX SPLIT window. For example, if the SSB SPLIT window wide 10 kHz, whether working DX stations on each of 2 kHz or every 3 or 5 kHz? Or does some work at first, then go to the middle and end?

When you find it all:
1st one call,
2nd LISTEN

If you followed the above recommendations, calling on the right frequency and right time becomes child's play. I can bet with you that you will if you follow the above recommendations, much easier to "break the pileup. And of course, you do not need kilovate power to do so. To repeat: when DX call partial callsign, which is not part of yours, DO NOT Make calls. This is very important to repeat and stress. If you call when your order is not even in the SPLIT work, you can ruin someone's QSO and reduce the speed and rhythm of the DX station. DO NOT do this, (even when they hear others do it). When not working, then when you hear, a good chance to hear the DX which works on the frequency. It is advisable to give your callsign only once, but it depends on how the DX operator is able to listen to "pileupu. Twice the absolute maximum, three times should not be. Feeling will come with time and experience. I know that repeat, but a way of calling is very important. DX different stations have different methods. Some methods will be more fond, some not. To reduce the "pileup", some operators are doing by the numbers in the method pozivnoj tag. If the required number does not match your, NE Make calls.

The following below Mark on4ww about CW SPLIT PILEUP-in.

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Pileups - RTTY Simplex pileup

In the third part of chapter Pileups, Mark on4ww about work RTTY and other digital modes in the simplex during a pileup.

The digital modes is not enough to give your callsign only once. Desirable
give callsign twice and sometimes three times, depending on how well the DX can receive a call tag. But three times should be avoided. For a long call, it is better to choose the right moment to call, and even better would be if the DX worked in SPLIT mode.

The following below, Mark talks about SSB SPLIT PILEUP-in.

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Pileups - CW Simplex pileup

In the third part of chapter Pileups, Mark on4ww about working in the telegraph simplex during a pileup.

All told for SSB simplex, valid for CW simplex.

Never Make calls "DE ON4ZZZZ" but simply "ON4ZZZZ. The word "de" (telegraphic abbreviation "of") only confuses the DX station is expected that only the callsign and nothing more.

When calling the DX station, do not give K at the end of the call. The more unnecessary information, the better the chances for error. A special example of how "K" at the end of the call can create confusion at the end of the day 13th chapters (call signs with two letters). If the caller (you) to stop a broadcast time, which is longer than the time spacing between two letters, DX knows that you are finished with the call.

Adjust your speed typing. After careful listening "pileupa and rhythm that is DX, you'll quickly find that DX station" catch "and how fast they are buttons. Adjust your speed down the station. That key DX 40 characters per minute, does not necessarily receive the same speed. DX often receives much slower typing speed. It is best that you adjust your speed dialing.

If the DX calls the "ONLY" or "EUR" means that he wants to hear the ONLY station that call. This is usually a sign that he began to lose patience because of undisciplined callers who constantly call stations over which he wants to do!

The following below, Mark talks about RTTY (AND OTHER DIGITAL METHODS) SIMPLEX PILEUP-in.

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Pileups - SSB Simplex pileup

Continue with the other part of the chapter Pileups in which we on4ww Mark talks about SSB simplex work during a pileup.

How to most effectively break through the SIMPLEX "pileup" (a "pileup" with many stations at the same time calling on the DX and its frequency)?

• Wait until the previous QSO is FULLY completed.
• Selection of the right moment to call is VERY important. You will have success if you begin to call immediately after the previous QSO's.
• Wait for approximately seven seconds and give your full callsign ONE.
• LISTEN ...

This approach has many variations. This experience frequent thereto arose only listening simplex "pileupova." Much depends on the rhythm of the DX station works and how successfully receives the call signs in the overall cacophony of voices. If you call immediately after the previous QSO's, your call will be lost in the crowd of others who also called. Callers often give their call signs two, sometimes three or four times in a row without interruption. In the meantime, the DX has already answered one of them, but no one can hear no call for endless listening. Wait for approximately seven seconds to take the air callers, call one and LISTEN.

• When you call, give your callsign relatively quickly. "Stretch" is a phonetic alphabet BESKORISNO. "Oscar November Four Zulu Zulu Zulu Zulu" is the proper way to call and say can be relatively quick. "Ooooscaaar Noooooveeeeember Fooooouuuuur Zuuuuuluuuu" etc. is just a waste of time and does not contribute to intelligibility of your call signs. On the contrary!
• PRAVILNU always use the phonetic alphabet. International phonetic alphabet used in radio traffic to avoid errors in the exchange of letters and words. To achieve this, each of the 26 international character of the alphabet is assigned a unique word. DX stations in the overall cacophony of sounds, listen to this unique word. Mixture of all votes a lot of tires DX operator, and if it deviates from the standard phonetic alphabet word, everything becomes more difficult. Very often the DX operator is not just received a letter that differs from the standard phonetic alphabet and requires repetition. For example, "Lima" as the razor cuts. Many say "London". If your signal is weak, the DX is not likely to get "London", but "Lima" will pass!

More examples:
Bravo - Baltimore. Echo - Easy (very bad). Hotel - Honolulu (bad). Juliett - Japan. Kilo - Kentacky. Lima - London (very bad). November - Norway (very bad). Oscar - Ontario / Ocean (very bad). Papa - Portugal (very bad). Quebec - Quitto (very bad). Romeo - Radio. Sierra - Santiago. Tango - Toronto (bad). Uniform - United / University (bad). Victor - Venezuela (bad). Whiskey - Washington (very bad). X-Ray - Xylophone (very bad). Yankee - Yokohama (very bad). Zulu - Zanzibar (bad).
DX operator hears the exact words of the phonetic alphabet and expects certain consonants / sounds and syllables defined in these words. If one syllable word is lost due to static interference / QRN, he can often reconstruct the incomplete word. Fun spelling, you can hear the bands, it sounds funny and is not effective (eg, "Old Nose four Zebra Zenith Zigzag").

• If the DX station answers with your full and correct callsign, why waste time repeating your call marks the beginning of your relation? Just give a report. You may end your relationship callsign, but it is just wasting time and should be avoided in work with DX expeditions. What emitirate shorter the better and the rest "pileupa" will appreciate. Usually just giving a report, no additional information is the best way. One second and QSO was completed, and DX may seek another caller.
• When calling in pileupu, never davajte callsign DX station - she knows it and calling it a waste of time.
• Give your callsign once. Twice the maximum, but is not recommended. In some cases (when the DX station does not hear the best or the DX station operator inexperienced) you must repeat your callsign. Threefold repetition is totally unnecessary.
• If the DX receives your callsign wrong or incomplete, in repetition to emphasize only the part that is missing or incorrect.

Examples:
QRZ, XU7ACV
(cacophony - wait 7 seconds)
ON4ZZZ.
ON4ZZZ, you are 59, QSL?
QSL, 59
Thanks, QRZ, XU7ACV
QRZ, XU7ACV
(cacophony - wait 7 seconds)
ON4ZZZZ.
4ZZZZ, you are 59, QSL?
ON4 - ON4ZZZZ 59, QSL?
ON4ZZZZ, QSL tnx, QRZ, XU7ACV

• Ako DX postaja odgovori sa djelomičnom pozivnom oznakom, koja ne odgovara vašoj pozivnoj oznaci NE JAVLJAJTE SE. Ponavljam, ŠUTITE I NEMOJTE SE JAVLJATI! DX postaja ne želi čuti vašu pozivnu oznaku, ako nije zvala vas. Kad bi pozivatelji u „pileupu“ poštovali ovo logično načelo, DX bi napravio više veza! Na žalost, kod mnogih DX-era prevladava egocentrični pristup („meni, ja i samo ja“). Iako znaju da DX ne poziva njih, uporno zovu. To je čisti gubitak vremena i pokazivanje vrlo sebičnog ponašanja!
• Ako DX odgovori sa dijelom nečije pozivne oznake i nakon toga kaže „ONLY“, to obično znači da je pokušao nekoliko puta napraviti vezu sa tom postajom, ali nije uspio zbog nesportskog ponašanja dijela DX-era koji uporno pozivaju kada ne bi trebali.
• Ako DX kaže „JA ONLY, Europe Standby“ on želi čuti SAMO amatere iz Japana. Ako ste vi iz Europe, nemojte pozivati. Također nemojte vikati „Europe PLEASE“ ili „What about Europe?“.
• Ako radite QRP (5W ili manje na CW, 10W ili manje na telefoniji), nemojte pozivati sa vašom pozivnom oznakom i /QRP („stroke QRP“). Never. U Belgiji (kao iu velikoj većini drugih država), propisi o radu amaterskih radijskih postaja to ne dozvoljavaju. Dozvoljeno je samo /P, /M, /MM i /A. Koliko puta čujemo u „pileupu“ poziv samo „stroke QRP“ bez davanja pozivne oznake? Konačno DX pita cijelu pozivnu oznaku. Ovakav način pozivanja je samo gubitak vremena.

U sljedećem nastavku Mark govori o CW SIMPLEX PILEUP-u .

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Pileups - part one

In the eighth chapter of Mark on4ww us with upozaje so. pileup-om. Ovo poglavlje nešto duže, pa ćete ga ovdje moći pročitati u devet nastavaka.

Tko se jednom „zarazio“ lovom na DX postaje, brzo se upoznao sa PILEUP-om. Kada se na opsegu pojavi rijetka DX postaja, ubrzo se pojavi velika grupa amatera koji svi žele uspostaviti vezu s njom. Na kraju jedne veze, gomila počne pozivati DX postaju i svi pozivaju jedan preko drugoga. To se zove „pileup“. "Pileup" not only generate fixed DX station. Grupe radioamatera često odlaze u DX ekspedicije da bi aktivirali zemlje (DXCC entitete) u kojima nema radioamatera. Ponekad su to i nenastanjeni otoci! Cilj ovih ekspedicija je da, za njihovog kratkog boravka, uspostave kontakt sa što većim brojem radioamatera iz cijelog svijeta. Očito, veze tj. kontakt sa ovim ekspedicijama trebao bi biti ŠTO JE MOGUĆE KRAĆI da bi dali šansu što većem broju amatera da uspostave vezu sa DX ekspedicijom. Dakle, operatora u DX ekspediciji ne zanima koji je vaš QTH, s kakvim uređajem radite ili kako je ime vašem kućnom ljubimcu. Koji je najbolji način da što brže uspostavite i upišete u vaš dnevnik vezu sa rijetkom DX postajom ili DX ekspedicijom? SLUŠAJTE, SLUŠAJTE i onda samo SLUŠAJTE. Zašto treba slušati? Because there is no success without listening! Pažljivim slušanjem bit ćete uspješniji u probijanju kroz „pileup“. Slušanjem se upoznajete s načinom i ritmom rada DX postaje. Slušanjem ćete ustanoviti da li DX radi u SPLIT načinu rada. Kad slušate imate dovoljno vremena provjeriti (i dvostruko provjeriti) da li je na vašem uređaju sve dobro namješteno:

• pravilan izbor antene?
• da li je aktivirana funkcija SPLIT?
• da li je odašiljač (i linearno pojačalo) dobro podešeno?

Često se podešavanje odašiljača (i linearnog pojačala) radi NA frekvenciji DX postaje. Jako LOŠA praksa kojom ometate rad DX postaje i potičete reakciju tzv. DX policajaca (pogledajte 8. poglavlje).

• Prije pozivanja DX postaje, uvjerite se da pravilno čujete pozivnu oznaku DX postaje.

Često naletimo na pileup koji je posljedica objave na DX Clusteru. Mnogo puta ova informacija nije točna! Sami se uvjerite da dobro čujete pozivnu oznaku DX postaje koju pozivate. To će vas poštedjeti neprijatnih trenutaka i vraćenih QSL karata sa porukom „NOT IN LOG“, „NOT EXISTING CALL“ ili „NOT ACTIVE THAT DAY“.
Iskusna DX postaja će preći na SPLIT način rada čim osjeti da je poziva mnogo amatera. Na taj način njezina predajna frekvencija je čista i pozivatelji ju dobro čuju. Manje iskusna DX postaja će raditi SIMPLEX i konačno otići u QRT, jer neće moći ovladati „pileupom“. U ovakvim situacijama, vi sami možete odigrati važnu ulogu za vrijeme veze sa DX postajom. Uljudno predložite da pređe na SPLIT način rada (naravno, samo ako ima mnogo pozivatelja!). Ako uspijete nagovoriti DX-a da pređe na SPLIT način rada, svi će vam biti zahvalni.

U sljedećem nastavku Mark govori o SSB SIMPLEX PILEUP-u .

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How to call CQ

Nastavljajući se na pretohdno poglavlje o sadržaju veze , Mark on4ww nam u ovom sedmom po redu poglavlju govori nešto više o tome kako uopće uspostaviti kontakt s kolegom radioamaterom odnosno kako pozvati cq.

Provjerite da li je frekvencija na kojoj želite pozivati slobodna. Samo slušanje nije dovoljno. Trebate jasno upitati da li je frekvencija slobodna. Npr. na SSB nakon što ste neko vrijeme slušali, pitajte: „Da li je frekvencija slobodna?“ (eng. „Is this frequency in use?“) i dajte vašu pozivnu oznaku. Ako nitko ne odgovori ponovite pitanje. Ako ni sada nitko ne odgovori, frekvencija je vaša i možete pozivati CQ. Na CW i RTTY pitajte sa „QRL?“. Neki misle da je dovoljno pitati samo sa upitnikom. Upitnik može stvoriti zabunu i ništa više. Ako je na frekvenciji veza (koju vi ne čujete, ali vašim signalom možete stvarati smetnje), davanjem upitnika možete unijeti zabunu u sudionike veze, što može čak dovesti do „policijske situacije“ (pogledajte 12. poglavlje). „QRL?“ se ne može krivo shvatiti, jer je to jasno pitanje da li je frekvencija slobodna. Neki od mogućih odgovora koje možete dobiti na CW su:

• R (Received-Roger)
• Y (Yes)
• YES
• QSY

Svi ovi odgovori znače da je frekvencija zauzeta. Ako ste slučajno naletjeli na „vruću frekvenciju“ (posebno onu na kojoj radi DX ekspedicija ili rijetka DX postaja) postoje izgledi da će početi vikati na vas. Nemojte se uznemirivati i nemojte reagirati – jednostavno promijenite frekvenciju. Ako želite „otkriti“ tko radi na toj frekvenciji, pažljivo slušajte i nikako nemojte pitati koja DX postaja radi na toj frekvenciji. Mnogo problema se može izbjeći ako poštujete prvo i osnovno pravila operatorskoga rada: SLUŠANJE. Ovo zlatno pravilo, u kombinaciji sa čarobnom riječi „QRL?“, spasit će vas od neugodnosti pri traženju slobodne frekvencije za CQ pozivanje.

• Kada pozivate CQ, nikako nemojte: zvati CQ deset puta, dati svoju pozivnu oznaku dva puta i onda slušati. Bolje je zvati CQ dva puta i dati svoju pozivnu oznaku deset puta (pretjerao sam, dovoljno je dati svoju pozivnu oznaku četiri puta!).
• Kod pozivanja CQ, najvažnija je vaša pozivna oznaka, ne riječ CQ. Ako propagacijski uvjeti nisu dobri, važno je da postaja na drugoj strani kugle zemaljske dobro čuje vašu pozivnu oznaku, a ne riječ CQ. Previše puta sam čuo operatore da pozivaju CQ 15 puta, a daju svoju pozivnu oznaku jednom. To nema smisla. Praksa stvara majstora. Ako nemate iskustva, slušajte druge i oštrite zube. Ubrzo ćete razviti osobni stil za uspješne i ugodne veze.

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Kako napraviti QSO? What to talk about?

Mark on4ww se u šestom poglavlju dotiče vrlo zanimljive teme, pogotovo za početnike, a to je kako napraviti vezu io čemu razgovarati tijekom nje s kolegom radioamaterom. Mislim da je ovaj tekst vrlo interesantan i svima onima koji se tek pripremaju za ispit i nisu imali praktičnog iskustva u radu da vide kako to izgleda. Još se sjećam kad sam se ja na tečaju pripremao za polaganje ispita, da mi nije baš bilo jasno o čemu se zapravo priča u vezi. Why? Prvenstveno zato jer iz priručnika za pripremanje ispita proizlazi da se u vezi mora razgovarati samo o nekakvim tehničkim temama vezanim za radioamaterizam. A početnik, još ako nije tehničke struke, nema dovoljno znanja i iskustva da bi mogao s kolegom sat vremena raspravljati o nekakvim detaljima izrade half-sloper antene za 10m. No neka vas to ne obeshrabruje jer, kao što ćemo vidjeti iz Markovog teksta, tome u stvarnosti nije baš tako.

Neki novi radioamateri čude se vezama u kojima se razmjenjuje samo pozivna oznaka i raport. To naravno ne mora biti tako. U početku, ni meni se to nije sviđalo. Uživao sam u dugim i opsežnim QSO-ima. Bio sam pravi brbljavac. Nema ništa lošega u tome. Međutim, s vremenom sam, sa vrlo dugih QSO-a, prešao na vrlo kratke. Netko voli duge veze, netko kratke. Iako prakticiramo uglavnom tehnički hobi, naši QSO-i ne moraju biti čisto tehničke naravi. Potrebna je zdrava mjera. Radioamaterizam nije namijenjen pričama sa tržnice. Neka vam zdrav razum bude vodilja. Ipak postoje teme koje bi trebali izbjegavati. To su religija, politika i naravno komercijalno oglašavanje. Naravno, po svim propisima, zabranjeno je emitiranje glazbe, oglasa i sl. odnosno svako jednosmjerno emitiranje (radiodifuzija). Belgijski priručnik za osnovni radioamaterski razred po prvi puta uključuje poglavlje o operatorskim vještinama i procedurama te objašnjava kako napraviti QSO. Slijedi kratko ponavljanje uz neke dodatke:

• prije početka odašiljanja, provjerite da li je frekvencija slobodna.
• ako je frekvencija slobodna, možete zvati CQ (opći poziv, CQ, vjerojatno dolazi od „I seek you“, iz vremena prije dolaska radija, tumači Pat, W5THT). Vidite 7. poglavlje „Kako pozivati CQ?“.
• redoslijed kako koristite pozivnu oznaku u vezi je jednostavan: prvo pozivna oznaka korespondenta zatim vaša pozivna oznaka. Npr. (vaša pozivna oznaka je ON4ZZZZ): Hvala dragi prijatelju, mikrofon tebi, ON4XXXX ovo je ON4ZZZZ prijem. Lako zapamtiti – samo budite uljudni.
• uvijek završite odašiljanje sa vašom pozivnom oznakom. Ako u vezi radite česte prekide, predstavite se vašom pozivnom oznakom svakih 10 minuta.
• malo pričekajte prije početka odašiljanja (u vezi, pri prijelazu sa slušanja na odašiljanje). Na taj način omogućujete drugome da se uključi u vezu. Jednog dana i vi se možete naći u situaciji da vam je potrebna nečija pomoć. Budite pripravni.
• ne pričajte dugo u jednoj relaciji. Govorite kratko i sažeto. Dajte priliku korespondentu da odgovori na temu razgovora, prije nego zaboravi o čemu razgovarate. Imajte na umu da često razgovarate sa nekim, na jeziku koji nije njegov materinji jezik. Dajte mu priliku da shvati o čemu govorite.
• u vezi telefonijom, uvijek na kraju kažite „prijem“ (eng. over). Iako u radioamaterskoj vezi to nije uvijek nužno, često je korisno. Iskustvo će vas naučiti kada treba reći „prijem“, a kada ne.
• u vezi telegrafijom uvijek završite sa slovom K. Često se koristi KN – znači da želite da vam odgovori samo postaja s kojom ste u vezi ili koju pozivate.
• CW vezu završite kraticom SK. QSO je potpuno završen nakon SK.
• u telefoniji vezu ne završavate sa „over and out“. „Over“ znači prijem. QSO možete završiti tako da na kraju samo kažete „out“ bez „over“.

Netko me je upozorio na slijedeću situaciju. Kako operatori napreduju u svojoj „radioamaterskoj karijeri“ čini se da zaboravljaju da su i sami bili početnici. Na KV često čujemo „CQ DX“ poziv na kojeg odgovara „lokalna“ postaja, koja je pozivatelju preblizu da bi bila DX. Na lokalnoj postaji je početnik koji za to često dobiva „jezikovu juhu“. Naravno da bi početnik trebao znati kada može odgovoriti na „CQ DX“ poziv. S druge strane, iskusni operator koji zove „CQ DX“ bi trebao razumjeti da je i on bio početnik i da je radio točno isto, da bi napravio „novu zemlju“, pa bi trebao imati više razumijevanja. U takvim situacijama ja obično dam kratki raport, upišem vezu u dnevnik i kažem da želim veze sa DX postajama. Početnik će to razumjeti, drugi put će biti pažljiviji, a istodobno je sretan jer je napravio „novu zemlju“, a to je ono što se računa. Dajte svima priliku da naprave vezu sa vama i ne zaboravite svoje početničke dane.

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Nekoliko preporuka za veze preko VHF ili UHF repetitora

In the fifth chapter of Mark on4ww gives us some recommendations on the work through repeaters.

Most of the next chapter is intended for specific situations in hunting DX stations on the short-ranges. Almost everything applies to work on VHF / UHF bands. On VHF / UHF bands using repeater (relay radio station) is primarily intended to increase the range of mobile and portable radio. Operators of fixed stations that should be borne in mind. If two fixed stations can establish a link without repeaters, why use a repeater?
Repeater users must take into account the fact that they have a monopoly on its use. It actually applies to the connection at all frequencies. Nerepetitorskim frequency applies to the principle of "who came first, its frequency. However, this should not apply to repeaters. All should be able to use repeaters, particularly mobile and portable stations.
During the connection via repeater, it is good (if not necessarily) leave for a few seconds pause at the end sugovornikovog broadcasting (ie before the transition from receipt of the submission). So give others the opportunity to briefly report to and express a desire to participate in the QSO or to invite someone else. If immediately after the broadcast press PTT calls and start broadcasting, this option does not give anyone. Think about it.

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Be polite

Ovo četvrto poglavlje koje nam donosi Mark on4ww je možda opsegom najmanje, ali zbog toga nije i najmanje važno. Quite the contrary.

Ovo je najkraće, ali nedvojbeno najvažnije poglavlje u ovom dokumentu. Uvijek budite uljudni! Vaš signal sluša mnogo ljudi uključujući i zaposlenike u državnim ustanovama kojima je to posao. O ovome će biti više riječi u poglavlju o „konfliktnim situacijama“. Kao iu stvarnom životu, tako iu našem malom radioamaterskom svijetu, lijepa riječ je ključ za sva vrata.

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Pravilno korištenje pozivne oznake

U trećem poglavlju Mark on4ww govori o pozivnoj oznaci amaterske radijske postaje.

Pravilno koristite vašu pozivnu oznaku. Položili ste ozbiljan ispit da bi uživali u ovom hobiju. Budite ponosni na vašu pozivnu oznaku – jedinstvena je. Samo ako je koristite na pravilan način, vaše odašiljanje je u skladu sa zakonom. Da li ste ikad čuli pozivnu oznaku 4ZZZZ na VHF-u? Koliko je meni poznato, to bi trebala biti postaja iz Izraela, a ne iz Belgije. Pravilna pozivna oznaka je ON4ZZZZ. Pozivna oznaka se sastoji od prefiksa i sufiksa. Loša praksa spuštanja prefiksa može se čuti i na KV opsezima. Za usporedbu, kad bi vaš auto bio ukraden, da li bi u prijavi krađe prijavili samo pola registarske oznake ili cijelu?

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